Introduction
Nakhon Ratchasima at a glance
Nakhon Ratchasima, generally known as "Khorat", is Thailand’s largest province situated on sprawling northeast plateau. Located approximately 260 kilometers northeast of Bangkok, the city itself serves as the gateway to the lower I-San region.
Covering an area of 25,494 square kilometers that is mainly plateaus and mountainous terrain, Khorat has fascinating traditions, charming hospitality, splendid natural scenery and awesome historical sites.
Some of the main attractions in Khorat are Khmer ruins. Scattered around the province, these products of ancient wisdom shines through time. One of Thailand’s finest Khmer ruins can be seen here next to Mon and Lao sites. In addition, Khorat has an abundance of natural attractions in its forests, hills, wildlife and waterfalls that are easily accessible in locations such as Khao Yai National Park.
Apart from the famous statue of Khun Ying Mo, Khorat is most well known for silk weaving (in Pak Thong Chai) and a variety of top-notch quality handicrafts such as clay pottery products of Dan Kwian.
Geographically, Nakhon Ratchasima borders on Chiyaphum and Khon Kaen Provinces in the north, Buriram Province in the east, Chiyaphum and Saraburi Provinces in the west and Nakhon Nayok and Prachin Buri Provinces in the south.
Khorat is also I-San’s largest province. Inhabitants of the province are mainly engaged in agricultural activities that include farming of rice and other crops such as sugar cane, tapioca, corn, jute, peanuts, sesame and fruits. There are more than 100 savings and agricultural cooperatives in the province, 35 irrigation projects and 7,122 industrial factories. Most of the factories are rice mills, tapioca product manufacturers, and industrial factories.
Khorat's most popular annual event is the Thao Suranari Festival, a celebration of Thao Suranari's victory over the Lao. It's held from late March to early April and features parades.
Looking back…Khorat used to be the site of several ancient prehistoric communities. Little is known about the early history of Khorat, except that it used to be part of a kingdom called Sri Janas (Si Janat) – an empire that extended its power to the entire Khorat Plateau.
Initially the predominant cultural influence in the city was that of the Dvaravati culture, however, it was later replaced by the Khmer culture. The prehistoric site of Ban Prasat is evidence of this occurrence while traces of both the Dvaravati and Khmer cultures are scattered throughout the province, particularly at Amphoe Sung Noen and Amphoe Phimai.
Once an administrative and cultural center, Khorat’s role today remains unchanged as it is currently the main transportation, industrial and economic hub of the Northeast.
Chang Phueak ShrineLocated north of the city’s moat, at the corner of Manat and Phon Saen Roads is a shrine of historical importance. The shrine contains a Takhian Hin tree stump, which was where the people of Phu Khiao tied elephants for inspection before presenting them to King Rama I. (Ratanakosin Era)
Chumphon GateSituated behind Thao Suranari Monument is the old city gate that can be dated back to the 17th century. During the reign of King Narai the construction of a stronger city wall was commanded. A wooden watchtower with a tiled roof and decorated in the Thai-style was constructed on top of the Gate, which was constructed of stone and brick and covered with plaster. This Gate is the only gate of the four original gates that is open to the public, as the other three are being renovated.
City PillarLocated at the corner of Chumpon Road and Prachak Road, near Thao Suranari Monument, is the City Pillar. A Chinese-style shrine that houses the City Pillar was established in the reign of King Narai the Great. The inner eastern wall is covered with terra-cotta tiles with raised designs depicting Thao Suranari in battle and scenes of ancient daily life in Khorat.
Maha Wirawong National MuseumOpposite the City Hall is Wat Sutthachinda, a compound where Maha Wirawong National Museum is located. Featuring a collection of Khmer and Ayutthaya art objects including woodcarvings, ceramics and sandstone images, the museum is open from Wednesday to Sunday, between 9.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. The admission fee is 10 bahts/person. For more information, call 044 242958.
Monument of Thao Suranari
Commonly dubbed as Khun Ying Mo or Ya Mo, Thao Suranari was a courageous Thai woman, a wife of the Deputy Governor of Khorat during the reign of King Rama III (1824 – 1851). She led the residents of Khorat in a battle against the Laotian army headed by Prince Anuwong of Vientiane. This much worshipped shrine was built in 1934 to honor her heroic deeds that saved the people from being captured. There is an annual celebration held from 23 March to 3 April to pay homage to the shrine which is located at the Chumphon Gate on the west side of the city. Offerings to Thao Suranari range from a miniature model of a bus to colorful clothes. It is believed that through the offerings, Thao Suranar’s spirit will protect the petitioner from danger and the bad spirits.
Interesting events: Khorat songs (phleng Khorat) is sung in the evenings on a stage near the shrine. They are traditional folk songs worth listening.
Nakhon Ratchasima ZooCovering an area of 545 rai (218 acres), the zoo is one of the most modern in Asia. The enclosures are large and landscaped by section to match the habitat of each animal most of which have come from Africa. The most popular animals are penguins, seals, African elephants, rhinoceros, cheetahs, lions, zebras, and giraffes. There is also a reptile building and a hornbill garden. In addition to being an ideal place to study biology, the zoo is a great place for relaxation as the grounds are decorated with lovely flowers. Other than the shuttle services that are provided to transport visitors around the zoo, there are bicycles available for rent. The zoo is open daily between 8.30 a.m. and 4.30 p.m. The fee is 10 bahts for children, 30 bahts for adults, and 30 bahts for four-wheel vehicles. For information, call 0 4435 7355, 0 4421 6251-3 or visit
http://www.zoothailand.org/.
The Zoo is located approximately 18 kilometers south of the city on Highway No. 304 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Pak Thong Chai), however, it is also accessible via Highway No. 2310 (approximately 1 kilometer drive). Visitors traveling by bus from the city can take air-conditioned bus No. 1415.
Petrified Wood ParkThis Petrified Wood Park located in Tambon Suranari has a collection of over 10,000 petrified wood pieces. These wood pieces were unearthed from just beneath the surface to a depth of 8 meters.
The wood is of various sizes ranging from pebbles to rocks with a diameter of over 50 centimeters, while some pieces are more than 1 meter long. The petrified wood pieces appear in a range of colors and have been aged at between 1 and 70 million years. Provincial authorities plan to turn this area into a petrified wood park and the first museum of its kind in Asia in order to conserve these prehistoric treasures for future generations to study.
To reach the Park, take Highway No. 304 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Pak Thong Chai) for 19 kilometers, turn right into Suranari University of Technology (second gate) and drive for 3 kilometers, turn left onto the Mitraparp-Nong Pling city bypass and drive for 2 kilometers to Wat Krok Duean Ha.
Prasat Phanom Wan
An interesting Khmer sanctuary, Prasat Phanom Wan is believed to have been built in the 10th century. During the 13th and 14th centuries, a stone building was built over it. From inscriptions found at the site, it is known that the sanctuary was used in the Hindu religion and later became a Buddhist site. Although most of it is in ruins, the layout of the structure that is still clearly visible includes a square main pagoda facing east and a tiered pagoda in front, as well as a path linking the two structures.
To the southwest of the main pagoda is a building of red sandstone called “Prang Noi.” Inside is a large stone Buddha image. A roofed sandstone walkway and a laterite wall surround the sanctuary. A Gopura (a sanctuary doorway or porch) in the form of a tall tower is situated in all 4 directions. Around 230 meters east of the sanctuary are traces of a moat and an earth hill that was the site of another Khmer building called “Noen Oraphim.”
Other Khmer ruins within Nakhon Ratchasima include Prasat Hin Nang Ram, Prang Ban Ku and Prang Sida all of which are similar to Phimai ruins but somewhat smaller.
This sanctuary is located in Ban Makha, Tambon Pho, around 15 kilometers from the city on the Nakhon Ratchasima-Khon Kaen Road. A sign on the right provides visitors with additional directions.
Rajabhat Nakhon Ratchasima Arts and Culture CenterThis Center is the repository of all the information on I-san’s history. Information on the region’s history, culture and traditional way of life are displayed in this wooden, two-storey house. For more information, call 044 246341 ext. 1216. To get there from Rajabhat Institute which is located on Suranari Road, turn left at the sign and proceed to the center.
Tham Khao Chan Ngam
The cave is located approximately 58 kilometers southwest of the city, off of Highway No. 2. Consisting of a series of rock formations, the cave is notable for its prehistoric paintings with figures of people and animals drawn in coarse red paint. Historians claim that an agrarian community inhabited this area some 3,000 to 4,000 years ago.
Wat Phra Narai
Located on Prajak Road, the monastery houses a Khmer sandstone statue of Vishnu, the Hindu god. This statue is highly revered by local residents and is considered the Province’s most sacred object.
Wat Sala Loi
Situated 500 meters east of the northeastern corner of the moat, from Rop Mueang Road, the temple is famous for its “bot” (preaching hall) which resembles a Chinese sailing junk. That is why the monastery got its name Wat Sala Loi, which means the temple of the floating pavilion. The bot was awarded the best avant-grade religious building by the Siam Society in 1973. Additional attractions are a large white standing Buddha enshrined inside the temple and a plaster sculpture of Thao Suranari, sitting in a praying position in the middle of a pond in front of the door.
Wat Thep Phithak PunnaramLocated at Khao Si Siat Aa, in Tambon Klang Dong, the temple houses a huge seated Buddha image that is 27 meters wide and 45 meters high. The image is enshrined on a mountaintop that can be reached via a 1,250 steps representing the number of monks that gathered spontaneously to hear the Lord Buddha’s first sermon. (an occasion that is commemorated on Magha Puja Day)
Dan Kwian
Situated on Highway No. 24, about 14 kilometers from the city of Nakhon Ratchasima is a village noted for unique pottery widely used for interior and outdoor decoration. The uniqueness of Dan Kwian clay is its durability, pliability and rusty color. When combined with attractive designs and the proper heating process the products are irresistible.
Prasat Phakho
This ancient Khmer sanctuary and Hindu religious place constructed of white sandstone originally had 3 buildings of which only 2 remain today. The site is surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped moat and has an entrance is to the east. A lintel dated from around the 11th century influenced by the Baphuon culture of ancient Khmer was found here. This lintel is currently housed in the Phimai National Museum.
The sanctuary is located at Tambon Krathok. From the city take Highway No. 224 for 29 kilometers and continue on to Highway No. 2021 for 3 kilometers. The site is on the right.
Wat Ban Rai
This is one of the most famous temples in the Province as it is the residence of the revered monk Luang Pho Khun Parisuttho. Many worshippers from all over the country come pay their respect daily. The temple is located in Tambon Kut Phiman, about 60 kilometers from the city. To reach the monastery, take Mitraparp Highway to the 237-km marker, turn right past Kham Thale So and Nong Suang to Dan Khun Thot. From Dan Khun Thot Hospital use Highway No. 2217 and drive for 11 kilometers.
Ban Prasat Archaeological SiteThe site is Thailand’s second archaeological site (the first was Ban Chiang) to be set up as an outdoor museum. Findings indicate that the area was once inhabited by a prehistory to early history community. In addition, there is evidence that a community of the Dvaravati and Khmer periods thrived here some 1,500 to 3,000 years ago. There are 3 pits that have been landscaped and are open to the public. Discoveries of human skeletons and many pottery pieces that were dug up from various levels are evidence of human evolution, community beliefs and culture.
To get there from the city, take Highway No. 2 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Khon Kaen) for 44 kilometers and then turn right and proceed for 1 kilometer. If going by bus from Bangkok or Nakhon Ratchasima, take a bus bound for Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, Nong Khai, or Kalasin. Get off at the 44-km marker and take a hired motorcycle into the village.
Ban Prasat Home StayAs there are numerous attractions in the area, home stay is an alternative for visitors interested in spending more than one day at Ban Prasat. The program was first initiated in 1996 and currently serves as the prototype home stay program for other villages across Thailand. The best time for a visit is between October and December when the climate is cool.
Ban Prasat villagers, like other villagers in the region, are mostly farmers. Because rice farming is done once a year, villagers use their free time to supplement their income by creating handicrafts such as weaving reed mats and hats, producing shoes and bags, breeding silkworm, and making Thai stringed musical instruments like So U and So Duang.
Paddy fields surround the village and a river, Than Prasat, which is considered a sacred river, divides Ban Prasat Nua and Ban Prasat Tai. For more information on home stay programs, contact the village headman Mr. Thiam Laongklang, tel. 0-4436-7075 or Mr. Charan Chomklang, tel. 0-4436-7062.
Phra Non SemaLocated 4 kilometers from Amphoe None Sung, is a Reclining Buddha image made of red sand stone which is the most ancient and largest in Thailand. The image is assumed to be built since 1,200 BE. Various archaeological evidence within the area include bronze Buddha images, terra-cotta Buddha printing images, glass beads and inscription stones.
Chokchai FarmLocation: 169 Mu 2 Thanon Mittaphap, Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130. Tel. 044 – 328485. Ext. 116, 044 328386, 044 361770-4. Head Office tel. 02 5322846 – ext. 135, 02 5239103.
Chokchai Farm is a fully integrated dairy farm perched on a vast stretch of plains amidst a scenic surrounding. An agro-tourism farm where visitors can learn about milking, making of fresh milk ice cream, animal feed plant, and several other activities. Superb tourist facilities provided.
The farm opens on Saturdays, Sundays and Official holidays. Open on Tuesdays and Wednesdays for a group visit of at least 30 persons. There are 3-5 rounds of tours, each taking approximately 3 hours.
Khao Yai National Park
The park, which covers an area of 2,168 square kilometers in the Phanom Dong Rak mountain range, stretches over 4 provinces including Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Saraburi, and Prachin Buri. Khao Yai became Thailand’s first national park on 18th September 1962 and is also originally recognized as the National Park Heritage of Asian Group Countries.
The park is comprised of mixed forests and rainforests with some wide plains and grasslands interspersed with verdant forests. There are many valuable plants, including commercial plants, scented plants and herbs. In addition, there are several mountains with peaks ranging from 800 to 3,000 meters above sea level making Khao Yai a cool climate area, even in summer.
The most popular time to visit Khao Yai is during the cool season or from October to February. In the rainy season, the area is refreshingly green with overflowing waterfalls, sending echoes all around.
Popular activities in the park include butterfly and bird watching, animal watching and trekking. The Park has numerous butterflies and birds as surveys indicate that over 293 species of birds use Khao Yai as a feeding ground while Khao Yai is the habitat of over 200 species. In addition, the park is home to an abundance of wildlife. The most frequently spotted animal is the deer that grazes on grass plains and sometimes come to be fed around the park office. Other animals spotted include elephants, sun bears, wild boars, monkeys, tigers, gaurs, and mountain goats. To facilitate animal watching the park built 2 wildlife watchtowers at Mo Singto and Nong Phak Chi. Visitors are allowed up there between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. In addition, those who want to go on a night safari by car must contact the park office before 6 p.m. Moreover, Khao Yai has over 20 trekking trails for visitors to choose from, each different in natural beauty and distance. While some trails like the Kong Kaeo trail and the Kilometer 33 trail (Thanarat Road-Nong Phak Chi) take 1-2 hours to complete, other trails like the Nang Rong-Khao Yai trail, Samo Pun trail or Kho Yo 4 Unit-Wang Heo waterfall trail require overnight stays. Information and guides can be obtained from the tourist service centre.
Places of Interest in the Park:
Namtok Kong Kaeol
This is a low waterfall, which is especially lovely in the rainy season originates from Huay Lam Takhong that divides Nakhon Nayok and Nakhon Ratchasima Provinces. The waterfall can be reached by a walking distance of 100 meters from the tourist service center. Visitors can enjoy swimming at the waterfall or taking short nature trips on nearby nature trails.
Namtok Pha Kluai Mai
This is a medium-sized waterfall in Huay Lam Takhong with two separate bodies of water flowing down rock levels to merge at the bottom. In the area visitors can find the Red Dendrobium orchid that is the symbol of the waterfall. The waterfall is about 7 kilometers from the park office and can be reached by car and on foot. In addition, there is a trail from the waterfall that leads to Heo Suwat Waterfall.
Namtok Heo Suwat
This is a famous waterfall that cascades from a 20-meters high cliff. . The waterfall, which is located at the end of Thanarat Road and is accessible by car, is only 100 meters by foot from the parking lot or a 3-kilometer walk from Pha Kluai Mai Waterfall. Visitors can view the falls from a distant viewpoint that offers a high-angle view of the waterfall through the trees or from the waterfall itself. However, please note that in the rainy season the water flows rapidly and caution should be taken.
Namtok Heo Narok
This is the largest and highest waterfall in the park with 3 levels. The first level is about 60 meters high and water from this level flows straight down to the second and third levels, with a total drop of at least 150 meters. The water has considerable strength in the rainy season and is quite dangerous, but refreshing, when it comes splashing down on rocks at the bottom. The area around the waterfall is the usual feeding grounds of wild elephants. There have been occasional accidents when elephants drop from the cliff and die. For a beautiful view of the waterfall, visitors can walk 1 kilometer from the main road to a viewpoint. The waterfall itself is located to the south of the Park Office on the way to Prachin Buri.
There are also other lesser waterfalls in the park like Namtok Mai Plon, Namtok Heo Sai and Namtok Heo Prathul. For more information, contact the Park’s tourist service centre.
Traveling to the Park
Khao Yai National Park is only about 205 kilometers from Bangkok. There are 2 ways of getting there; from the 56 kilometer marker of Mitraparp Highway, turn onto Thanarat Road and proceed for approximately 23 kilometers or at Hin Kong intersection, turn onto Highway No. 33 (Nakhon Nayok-Prachin Buri) and proceed to the Noen Hom intersection and take Highway No. 3077 to the park. The second route is rather steep and is more suitable for the return trip.
If traveling by bus, get off at Amphoe Pak Chong and continue on a mini-bus up to the gate of Khao Yai National Park. The fare is 15 baht and services are provided between 6 a.m. and 5 p.m. From there, visitors should flag a passing car to the park office or rent a car directly from Pak Chong. The park fee for an adult foreigner is 200 bahts and a foreign child is 100 bahts. The fee for each car is 50 bahts.
FacilitiesThere is a campsite at Pha Kluai Mai that can accommodate up to 1,000 visitors. The fee is 10 bahts for children and 20 bahts for adults per night. There is a restaurant and tents and sleeping bags for rent. Moreover, there are 2 more service areas at Kong Kaeo and Yaowachon that can accommodate up to 250 tourists. The fee is 30 bahts each, though sleeping gear is not provided. Visitors can obtain permission from the park before 6 p.m. For more information, call the National Parks Division, Royal Forest Department, tel. 0-2579 -7223 and 0-2579-5734, or contact the Park Office at P.O. Box 9, Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130.
Lam Takhong DamThe Dam is located 62 kilometers before reaching the town on Highway No. 2. The construction had started in 1964 and finished 4 years later. The lake - like reservoir can contain up to 300 million cubic meters of water and irrigates 238,000 rais of paddy field.
Lam Takhong Rest AreaThis rest area is also known as “Suan Na Chat”, is a rest area for vehicle drivers to relax from driving. It is on Highway No. 2 (Saraburi-Nakhon Ratchasima) between the 193 and 194 kilometer markers on an area of 16.89 square kilometers. This place offers the most beautiful view north of Lam Takhong reservoir. It has a complete range of services and facilities and is an example of a modern rest area. Moreover, it is called the gateway to the Northeast.The Information Center in the rest area provides tourist information about the northeastern provinces, accommodations, viewpoints, a garden, food and beverage stores, a convenience store, restrooms, and public telephones. In addition, there is also a sculpture of General Chatchai Choonhavan, a former prime minister, in a standing position with arms folded and leaning against his favorite motorcycle. The sculpture measures 3.40 meters high and is made from green sandstone.
The main activity for visitors at Lam Takhong is rafting on a route that goes past homes, orchards and green trees. The difficulty level is at 1-2, which is not too hard for rafting novices. Moreover, the area is suitable for a family outing. The best time to visit is between May and September because there is lots of water that can create some excitement that is not dangerous. During the dry season there is too little water for rafting. Each rafting trip takes about 2 hours and visitors can add to their enjoyment by taking an elephant ride afterwards. For more information on the elephant ride, contact Pang Chang Khao Yai on Thanarat Road, Kilometer 19.5, tel. 0 4429 7183.
Maize and Sorghum Research Centre (Rai Suwan)
Location: Tambon klang Dong, Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima 30320. Tel. 044 – 361770 – 4
Formerly called Thana Farm and belonging to Field Marshall Sarit Thanarat, the Farm was later transferred to Kasetsart University and became the Maize and Sorghum Research Center. The main purpose of the Center is to carry out research and publicize technology for the growing of maize and sorghum as well as other field crops. The Center also other provides support for research and training at both domestic and international levels, in addition, to producing seeds of maize, sorghum and other field crops. Basic tourist facilities provided are a touring route, toilets, field crop seeds for sale and food stalls. Advance contact is recommended.
Lam Phra Phloeng DamLocals come to relax, eat, fish, and enjoy the scenery at this Dam, which is under the jurisdiction of the Royal Irrigation Department. In addition, visitors can rent a long-tail boat to tour the reservoir, travel to Khlong Ki Waterfall or Khun Chon Waterfall. Each round-trip journey is about 3-4 hours there. For visitors interested in staying overnight there are lodges for rent at the Dam. The Dam can be reached by taking Highway No.314 past the district for 4 kilometers then turn right and drive for 28 kilometers. For more information, contact the Lam Phra Phloeng Water Supply and Maintenance Project at tel. 0-4437-3184 ext. 114. For more information about boat trips, contact Lam Phra Phloeng Dam Club at tel. 0-4437-3184 ext. 117.
Namtok Huay Yai
This small waterfall, which flows past 2 large boulders, is a tourist attraction under the care of Thap Lan National Park. It should be noted that the waterfall only has water only in the rainy season or between July and September. To reach the waterfall, take Highway No. 304 to the market at the 79 kilometer marker and proceed for 6 kilometers. The entrance is a sloped walkway about 20 meters long.
Sakaerat Environmental Research StationThis is a research center of plant species in the northeastern jungles and is open to groups interested in organizing eco-tours. The center has an area of about 78 square kilometers (48,750 rai) that is comprised mainly of dry jungles and hardwood forests. Many animals are found here, including wild boars, pheasants and a variety of birds. Visitors can see the surrounding vast green jungle as well as Khao Phaeng Ma further from a tower built by the station that overlooks the treetops. For a closer look at nature, several nature study trails that can take from 1.5 hours to 3 hours are available. In addition, visitors interested in staying overnight can rent one of the 3 houses available that can accommodate 20 people each. Moreover, visitors should note that the climate is cool all year round. The Station is located beside Highway No. 304 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Kabin Buri) and is 57 kilometers from the city. For information, call 0 4425 8642 or contact the Station Management Department of the Science and Technology Research Institute of Thailand, tel. 0-2579-1121-30, 0-2579-0160 ext. 4401 or fax 0-2561-4771.
Wat Na Phra ThatThis temple has an old chapel with beautiful murals of the Early Ratanakosin period. In addition, the door of the “Ho Trai” or the scripture hall is also elaborately carved. The temple is located four kilometers from the Pak Thong Chai District Office.
Phimai Historical Park
Within the Park is the Phimai Sanctuary, one of the grandest and most important Khmer historical sites in Thailand.
The word ‘Phimai’ appears in an inscription on a stone slab at the front doorway of the building as well as in many other structures. It is believed that the word ‘Phimai’ referred to a religious figure or site.
The Phimai Sanctuary is rectangular in shape and is 565 meters wide and 1,030 meters long. It consists of ornately carved sandstone and laterite structures. The most special characteristic of the sanctuary is that it is the only one that faces south while the others usually face east. This is probably because it was built to face the route that the Khmers traveled from the capital of the empire, to the south of Phimai.
From stone inscriptions and the architectural style, the Phimai Sanctuary was most likely built at the end of the 11th century during the reign of King Suriyaworaman I. The architectural style is that of the Baphuon style that prospered at the time. However, some characteristics are similar to that of Angkor Wat, which became popular at a later period. Some additions were made to the site in the early 18th Buddhist century during the reign of King Chaiworaman VII when Phimai had close relations with the Khmer Empire. The sanctuary was always a religious site of the Mahayana sect of Buddhism because King Suriyaworaman I and King Chaiworaman VII were followers of the sect.
Important Structures in Phimai Sanctuary:
The Naga Bridge is the first part you pass when visiting the site. The bridge and lion figures stand in front of the Gopura (porch) south of the main pagoda. The intention may have been to build a link between earth and heaven according to both Hindu and Buddhist beliefs concerning the universe.
The Gopura was adapted as the wall around the sanctuary and the four entering porches. There is a large corridor connecting the outer and inner areas of the main sanctuary. Above each porch is a lintel of various designs.The Main Prang or pagoda is on an open area in a curved walkway. It is the centre of the site and is made entirely of white sandstone and is different from the porches and walls that are made primarily of red sandstone. This is because white sandstone is more durable than red sandstone. The pagoda is 28 meters high, has a square base, a portico and stairways and doors in all 4 directions.
The pagoda consists of a base, outer walls, columns, and porches with beautiful designs. Of vital importance are the lintels that mostly recount the tale of Ramayana from Hinduism and tales of the Mahayana sect of Buddhism. The lintels above the 4 doorways of the main pagoda’s inner chamber, the most important room of the pagoda, are all about Buddhism reflecting the Buddhist influence that eventually surpassed that of Hinduism. The carvings are of the Baphoun style (1007-1107) and the Angkor Wat style (1107-1157) leading to the belief that the main pagoda was built at the end of the 12th century.
There are other pagodas, which are Prang Brahmadat in front of the main pagoda, Prang Hin Daeng and Ho Phram (Brahma Hall) to the right.
The park is open daily from 7.30 a.m. to 6 p.m. The admission is 40 baht. There are youth guides available to provide visitors with information about the site for free.
Historical Sites Outside Phimai Sanctuary:The Phimai City Gate and City Walls were built during the reign of King Chaiworaman VII. Of the 4 gates, the south gate is the most important because the road from the ancient Khmer capital to Phimai runs through it. The sanctuary can be seen when looking straight through the gate.
The Men Brahmadat is southeast of the walls and is made entirely of bricks. Its present form is a huge and round earth hill that is about 30 meters high. The site is believed to have been the place where a king was cremated. However, the style of construction suggests it was built in the late Ayutthaya period.
Other sites to the south are Tha Nang Sa Phom, Kuti Rusi and Arokhayasan.
Phimai National Museum
The museum houses collections of archaeological artifacts especially those found in the lower part of the region and has exhibits on the past cultural prosperity of the Northeast. There are several sections as follows:
local I-san culturedaily utensils like mortars, cotton chests, carts and monk items
the history of Phimai
lintels from sanctuaries in Nakhon Ratchasima and the Northeastprehistoric artifacts such as ancient pottery, skeletons, tools, and bronze and stone ornaments
early history that includes Dvaravati-style temple boundary markers and Khmer-style items like columns and parts of buildings, as well as sculptures like Buddha images, god figures and a figure of King Chaiworaman VII made of sandstone found at Phrommathat Pagoda in Phimai sanctuary.
The second floor is devoted to the past cultural glory of the Northeast, early Isan communities and Khmer cultural influence.
The Museum is located at the base of Tha Songkran Bridge just before Phimai Sanctuary. From Nakhon Ratchasima, take Highway No. 2 for 50 kilometers, then turn on Highway No. 206 and proceed for 10 kilometers. If taking a bus from Nakhon Ratchasima, visitors can take a bus from Bus Terminal 2 in the city. The museum is open daily from 9 a.m.-4 p.m. The entry fee is 30 baht. For information, call 0-4447-1167.
Sai Ngam
This recreational area that is literally translated as "Beautiful Banyan Tree" is two kilometers from Phimai. The area, comprised of over 15,000 square feet of shaded space, has food stands where visitors can purchase snacks and drinks.
Thung Samrit Memorial
This wide field was a battleground between Khorat people and Lao soldiers during the reign of King Rama III. A shrine was constructed by villagers in 1988 to pay homage to the fighters. The memorial is located at Mu 1, Ban Samrit Tawan Ok, Tambon Samrit, 46 kilometers from the city. Take Highway No. 2 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Khon Kaen) to the 43-44 kilometer markers (opposite the entrance to Ban Prasat), turn right and proceed for about 3 kilometers.
Prathai
Prasat Nang Ram
This site, called Arokhayasan (a hospital) by the ancient Khmers, was built in the 13th century during the reign of King Chaiworaman VII and is comprised of 2 groups of buildings situated close together. The more complete pagodas face the east and are surrounded by a laterite wall. To the northeast outside the wall is a pool and another group of historical buildings where many beautiful lintels are found.
The site can be reached by taking Highway No. 2 for about 62 kilometers to Ban Wat intersection. From there turn right onto Highway No. 207 and proceed for about 22 kilometers to Ban Ya Kha (or about 11 kilometers before reaching Prathai town) and turning left and proceeding 4 kilometers to the sanctuary.
Sida
Prang Sida
Prang Sida is similar to Prang Ku at Tambon Don Tanin, but this pagoda is closed on all 4 sides. It was a Brahman religious site, dated from around the 12th-13th Buddhist centuries, that was constructed entirely of laterite in the ancient Khmer style with sculpted plaster designs facing the east and an outer wall surrounding the site. From the Khorat city, take Highway No. 2 for about 84 kilometers to Sida intersection and turn right onto Highway No. 202 (to Amphoe Prathai) for about 1.5 kilometers, then take a left and proceed for about 2 kilometers to the temple.
Sikhio
Lam Takhong Dam
This is an earth-filled dam across the Lam Takhong River that flows through a crevasse. Built in 1974, its primary purpose was to divert water from above the dam for irrigation. Visitors can walk on the dam to enjoy the view of the reservoir, which has a mountain backdrop. The dam is a suitable place for relaxation when it is not hot. The dam, which is open from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., is located at Tambon Lat Bua Khao, around 62 kilometers from the city. Turn onto a road that branches off Highway No. 2 (Nakhon Ratchasima-Saraburi) between the 196 and 197-kilometer markers and proceed for about 2 kilometers.
Mueang Phon Greenhouse
Location: 204/44 Mu 1, Mittraparp Highway, Tambon Khlong Phai, Amphoe Sikhio, Nakhon Ratchasima 30340. Tel. 044 – 323459-60, 044 – 323263. Fax 044-363264.
This garden has over 300 kinds of tropical and temperate flowering, decorative, fruit bearing as well as perennial plants. After touring the garden visitors can try the house specialty, ostrich steaks, at the restaurant overlooking the reservoir of Lam Ta Khong Dam. Basic tourist facilities provided. Please contact the management in advance.
Soeng Sang
Hat Chom Tawan
This is a large beach by the lake, under the office of the 5th Thap Lan National Park Management Area (Lam Plai Mat) that is responsible for jungles in the park in Soeng Sang, Khon Buri and Wang Nam Khiao Districts. A rest area has been developed for the public around the reservoir and plots of land have been designated for locals to make a living and reduce the problem of illegal logging. Tourists normally come to this beach to swim, dine, camp and enjoy the scenery. Long-tail boats can be hired to go on the reservoir. Trekking to various spots like Wang Phi Sua (where a lot of butterflies can be seen in the cool season), Phra cave, Communist cave and the gigantic Takhian Thong tree that is believed to be over a thousand years old are also popular activities. For more information, call tel. 0-4444-8386.
Sung Noen
Muang Sema Historical Site
The Sema City plan, which is egg-shaped, covers an area that is 3 kilometers wide and 4 kilometers long. The city was built around the 12th Buddhist century, flourished during the Dvaravati period and grew until the 16th-17th Buddhist centuries when it came under Khmer influence. Visitors can still see evidence of city moats, earth walls, laterite and sandstone ruins and numerous artifacts. The most interesting ones are the reclining sandstone Buddha image and an old religious relic that is now in Wat Thammachak Semaram.
The site is in Tambon Sema, about 37 kilometers from the city. From Amphoe Sung Noen cross Lam Takhong River past Ban Hin Tang to Sema, which is 4 kilometers away.
How to get there
-Route 1: Take Highway No. 1 (Phahon Yothin) from Bangkok to Saraburi and then take Highway No. 2 (Mitraparp Highway) from Saraburi to Nakhon Ratchasima. The total distance is 259 kilometers.
-Route 2: Take Highway No. 304 from Bangkok and proceed past Min Buri, Chachoengsao, Phanom Sarakham, Kabin Buri, Pak Thong Chai, to Nakhon Ratchasima. The total distance is 273 kilometers.
-Route 3: Take the Bangkok-Rangsit-Nakhon Nayok route then take Highway No. 33 to Kabin Buri and Highway No. 304 past Wang Nam Khiao, Pak Thong Chai to Nakhon Ratchasima.
-Thai Airways International (THAI) flies to Khorat from Bangkok twice a day. For more information, contact their Bangkok office at tel. 0 2280 0060, 0 2628 2000 or visit
http://www.thaiairways.com/. The THAI office (Tel: 044-257211/5) is at 14 Manat Rd., off of Mahat Thai Rd. inside the city moat.
-Air Andaman provides two daily flight services from Bangkok to Nakhon Ratchasima. For more information, contact their Bangkok office at tel. 0 2996 9119 or visit
http://www.airandaman.com/.
-Ordinary buses leave the Northern Bus Terminal (Mochit 2 Bus Terminal) in Bangkok every 15 or 20 minutes from 5 a.m. to 10.15 p.m. Air-conditioned buses leaving for Bangkok arrive and depart from the Korat’s air-conditioned bus terminal on Mitraparp Highway.
-The Transport Co., Ltd. (known as Bo Kho So) has both air-conditioned and non air-conditioned buses departing from the Bangkok’s Northern Bus Terminal (Mo Chit 2 Bus Terminal) daily. Air-conditioned buses depart from Bangkok every 10 minutes all day, traveling time is 3.20 hours and the fare is 157 bahts. Non air-conditioned buses depart from Bangkok every hour from 5 a.m. to 8 p.m., traveling time is 4.30 hours and the fare is 87 bahts. For information, call 0 2936 2852-66 or get more updated information at
http://www.traco.motc.go.th/.
-Private companies that offer bus services are Ratchasima Tour Co., tel. 0 4424 5443, Bangkok tel. 0 2936 1615 and Air Khorat Co., tel. 0 4425 2999, Bangkok tel. 0 2936 2252.
-Buses running to other provinces leave from Bus Terminal 2 in Khorat. There are services to the northeastern provinces of Chaiyaphum, Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, Nong Khai, Nakhon Phanom, Sakon Nakhon, Kalasin, Ubon Ratchathani, Buri Ram (the old route goes past Nang Rong and the new one past Huai Thalaeng), and Surin (past Nang Rong-Ban Tako). In addition, there are buses to Bangkok, Chon Buri, Pattaya, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Lop Buri, Sing Buri, Nakhon Sawan, Chiang Mai, and Chiang Rai (up to Mae Sai). All depart from the Bus Terminal 2 in Khorat.
Getting around Korat
Traveling within the province is easy, with many mini-bus and bus routes operating in the city and nearby areas. The fare on each route is 3 bahts. Comfortable air-conditioned bus services are also provided for route No. 2 at the rate of 5 bahts.
A more convenient way to get around is to take the Tuk-Tuk or Samlor in the city. Samlors around the city costs 20 bahts; while tuk-tuks cost 40 bahts to most places around town (30 bahts for a short hop) and 50 to 60 bahts for longer trips. The rate for motorbike taxis is within the same range. Please note that the price must be agreed upon before a trip.
If traveling to another district, it is possible to take either a bus or mini-bus at Bus Terminal 1 on Burin Road. At Bus Terminal 2, only provides bus services to Amphoe Phimai and Dan Kwian-Chok Chai.
For information, call Bus Terminal 1 on Burin Road, tel. 0 4424 2899 and 0 4426 8899 and Bus Terminal 2 on the Mitraparp-Khon Kaen Road, tel. 0 4425 6006-9 ext. 175, 176 (air-conditioned), 178 (regular).
-An express train bound for Ubon Ratchathani departs Bangkok's Hualamphong Station at 9 p.m. and arrives in Khorat at 2.03 a.m.Rapid trains on the Ubon railway depart at 6.50 a.m., 6.45 p.m. and 10.45 p.m., arriving in Khorat at 11.48 a.m. and 11.51 p.m. and 4.07 a.m. respectively. especially the morning arrival, which leaves plenty of daylight time to explore the city.
There are also two ordinary trains (3rd class only) that depart Bangkok at 3.25 and 11.25 p.m., arriving in Khorat about 5 1/2 to 6 hours after departure. The 1st class fare (express train only) is 230 bahts, while the 2nd class and 3rd class fares are 115 bahts and 50 bahts respectively. An additional fee of 40 bahts is charged for rapid trains, 60 bahts for the express and 80 bahts for the special express train. The train passes through some great scenery on the Khorat Plateau, including a view of the enormous white Buddha figure at Wat Theppitak on a thickly forested hillside. Visit www.railway.co.th or call 1690 for more up-to-date schedules and fares.
Festival
Phimai Boat Races
Phimai Boat Races is held yearly by the people of Amphoe Phimai on the second weekend of November. Apart from the races of boats in Phimai and nearby districts, this interesting event has boat decorations for royal ceremonies and boat chants.
Phimai Festival
Phimai Festival is organised to promote tourism activities in the province’s main tourist destination of Phimai Historical Park that is held in conjunction with Phimai Boat Races. Activities include long boat racing, cultural performances, religious processions, and a light-and-sound show.
Thao Suranari Memorial Fair
Thao Suranari Memorial Fair is an annual provincial event that is held during 23 March-3 April, the period Khunying Mo was victorious over her enemy. The fair features arts and culture, shops and exhibitions of public and private offices.
Quarry at Ban Kruat is 6 kilometres into the way to Lahan Sai. The hill is littered with large and small rocks, some with traces of rock cutting. It is believed stones taken from here were used to construct a large number of sanctuaries in the lower Northeast.
Ancient kilns here constitute one of the most important pottery-making centers of the ancient Khmer Empire. The kilns date from the 9th-14th century. The pottery made here was supplied to cities in the empire. The Fine Arts Department renovated 2 kilns called Tao Sawai and Tao Nai Chian, 5 and 10 kilometres from Ban Kruat, respectively. The kilns are ideal for those interested in archaeology studies.
Phanom Rung Historical Park is a grand and majestic Khmer site over a thousand years old. Built on an extinct volcano, it was originally a Hindu religious site but was later transformed into a Buddhist one. During the 10th-13th century, several additions were made.The first thing visitors see when they arrive at the site is the grand stairway from the foot of the hill up to the top. Most of the buildings of the sanctuary were made of laterite and sandstone, all with elaborate designs. The buildings are lined all the way to the main pagoda. This layout is according to Hindu belief of the layout of the heaven of the god 
Shiva.The main pagoda is a large one with a square base and facing east. The designs on the pagoda, columns, doorway, and lintels are exquisite, most telling a story of gods in Hinduism. From these designs and the architecture, it was surmised that the pagoda, the stairway and the Naga bridge were built during the 12th century. Each building has descriptive designs telling people the purpose for its construction, its usefulness and the beliefs of ancient people.
Muang Tam stone sanctuary can be reached by taking the road to Prakhon Chai for 8 kilometres and another 5 kilometres on a road on the right-hand side. This Khmer site has a square layout. Its main structures are 5 brick pagodas built on the same foundation and enclosed by two walls. The 4 doorways are perpendicular to each other and built of sandstone with beautiful designs. The inner wall was made of sandstone and consists of one long, narrow continuous corridor, called Rabiang Khot. The outer wall was made of laterite. Lintels adorn the doorways and the main pagoda, recounting Hindu tales. 
Another highlight of the site is the 4 large pools between the walls. The edges of the pools have serpent designs with the head at the pool corner. The beauty of this Khmer site is second only to that of Phanom Rung
